amazing world

                                                                        بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Hematology Values HEMATOCRIT (HCT) Normal  Adult Female Range:    37 - 47% Optimal Adult Female Reading: 42% Normal  Adult Male Range          40 - 54% Optimal Adult Male Reading:      47% Normal  Newborn Range:            50 - 62% Optimal Newborn Reading:         56% HEMOGLOBIN (HGB) Normal Adult Female Range: ...

                                                                  بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Abbreviations Used in Laboratory Diagnosis A/G ratio   =   Albumin Globulin ratio ACP           =   Acid Phosphates AFP           =   Alpha fetoprotein ALP           =   Alkaline phosphates ALT           =  Alanine transaminase (SGPT) ASOT        =  Antistreptolysin – O-titre AST       ...

                                                                    بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم Metabolic flow is based on anabolic and catabolic reactions. Metabolism begins with the ingestion of food that is foreign to the organism (containing a varying amount of smaller and larger compounds), which is broken down in the digestive tract to smaller molecules by hydrolysis. An anabolic phase occurs when the smaller molecules are taken up into the organism’s bloodstream and become part of the organism. Catabolic reactions constantly break down the organism again for its functional needs. We will demonstrate the connections of process...

                                                            بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم  Acid is a proton donor while base is proton acceptor: H2O  H+ + OH¯ From the equation, water can act both as an acid & as a base, for dissociation: ]O2H[]-][OH[H K It has been found that 1 mol of water contains 18 g, i.e. 1 L (1000 g) pure water is 55.56 molar. The probability that a H in pure water will exist as an H+ is 1.8 X 10-9, so the molar conc. of H+ or OH¯ in pure water = 55.56 X 1.8 X 10-9 = 1X10-7 mol/l mol/l 16-10 X 1.8 ]56.55[]-][OH[H K Kw = K [H2O] = [H+][OH¯] 1.8 X10-16 X 55.56 = 1 X 10-14 (mol/l)2 [H+] = [OH¯] = 1 X 10-7 (mol/l) PH = – log [H+]  PH = – log 10-7 = – (–7) = 7 PH + POH=14 Physiologic processes that generate H+ 1- Complete metabolism i- CHO, proteins & fats ii- Conversion of amino nitro...

                                                                             بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم                                              General laboratory findings in clinical toxicology 1 - Routine biochemical analysis : blood glucose, Electrolytes, blood       gases, pH, plasma enzyme and Cholinesterase activity. 2- Hematological analysis : hematocrit, blood clotting, leukocyte count. 3- Clinical toxicology analysis : therapeutic drugs and drugs of abuse 1-Biochemical tests: (a) Blood glucose   ● Marked hypoglycaemia often results from overdosage  with antidiabetic drugs.    ● Hypoglycaemia may als...

                                                                    بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم                                                                   IDENTIFICATION OF FUNGI Specimen collection Specimens for fungal microscopy and culture may be:  Scrapings of scale, after cleaning with alcohol.  Skin stripped off with adhesive tape, which is then stuck on a glass slide.  Hair which has been pulled out from the roots.  Brushings from an area of scaly scalp.  Specimens for fungal microscopy and culture may be:  Nail clippings.  Skin biopsy.  Moist swab from a mucosal surfac...