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Nearly 80% of all kidney stones are made of calcium compounds, especially calcium oxalate.1 Calcium phosphate and other minerals also may be present. Conditions that cause high calcium levels in the body, such as hyperparathyroidism, increase the risk of calcium stones. High levels of oxalate also increase the risk for calcium stones. Certain medicines may prevent calcium stones. Uric acid stones About 5% to 10% of kidney stones are made of uric acid, a waste product normally passed out of the body in the urine.1 You are more likely to have uric acid stones if you have: Low urine output. A diet high in animal protein, such as red meat. An increase in how much alcohol you drink. Gout. Inflammatory bowel disease. Certain medicines may prevent or dissolve uric acid stones. Struvite stones About 10% to 15% of kidney stones are struvite stones.1 They can also be called infection stones if they occur with kidney or urinary tract infections (UTIs). These types of kidney stones ...

Determination of Inorganic Phosphate in Biologic Samples A 1N perchloric acid Solutions/Reagents B 5mM sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4·2H2O, Mr 241.95) Important! Do not use ammonium molybdate! C isopropylacetate Standard 10mM KH2PO4 in 0.5Mperchloric acid Put 1.5 ml of Soln. B and 2.0 ml of Soln. C into phosphate-free test tubes. The sample,which should contain notmore than 100 nmoles phosphate, is mixed with an equal volume of Soln. A. Give 0.5 ml of this mixture to the above mixture of B and C. Shake the obtained mixture vigorously for 30 s and then spin in a centrifuge for a short period to separate the phases. To avoid the decomposition of labile organic phosphates, the extraction should be done at 0 ◦C or below. The molybdatophosphate complex remains in the organic phase, which is removed and read at 725 nm against a blank. Standards are made in the range of 5–100 nmoles phosphate per 0.5 ml. References Wahler BE,Wollenberger A (1958) Bioche...

In this paper, I argue that biotechnology is a movement that comprises conflicting actors competing for representations in the public sphere that favor their particular vision of the future. Two dimensions of representation can be observed in the arenas of the public sphere: issue salience and issue framing. During the 1990s, the salience of biotechnology in the British public increased considerably, and its representation significantly changed. The issue of whether biotechnology is one or several things has preoccupied many actors and observers. Most things in the world are unified and multiple, depending on how closely one looks at it. The important question is: Which distinction prevails? When the good, the bad, and the ugly settle, where do they fall? Evaluation implies distinction, and representation drives attitude. The controversies over biotechnology prove a fertile and dynamic ground on which to study this issue. During the 1990s, the UK saw the emer...