amazing world

                                                            بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم  Acid is a proton donor while base is proton acceptor: H2O  H+ + OH¯ From the equation, water can act both as an acid & as a base, for dissociation: ]O2H[]-][OH[H K It has been found that 1 mol of water contains 18 g, i.e. 1 L (1000 g) pure water is 55.56 molar. The probability that a H in pure water will exist as an H+ is 1.8 X 10-9, so the molar conc. of H+ or OH¯ in pure water = 55.56 X 1.8 X 10-9 = 1X10-7 mol/l mol/l 16-10 X 1.8 ]56.55[]-][OH[H K Kw = K [H2O] = [H+][OH¯] 1.8 X10-16 X 55.56 = 1 X 10-14 (mol/l)2 [H+] = [OH¯] = 1 X 10-7 (mol/l) PH = – log [H+]  PH = – log 10-7 = – (–7) = 7 PH + POH=14 Physiologic processes that generate H+ 1- Complete metabolism i- CHO, proteins & fats ii- Conversion of amino nitro...

                                                                             بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم                                              General laboratory findings in clinical toxicology 1 - Routine biochemical analysis : blood glucose, Electrolytes, blood       gases, pH, plasma enzyme and Cholinesterase activity. 2- Hematological analysis : hematocrit, blood clotting, leukocyte count. 3- Clinical toxicology analysis : therapeutic drugs and drugs of abuse 1-Biochemical tests: (a) Blood glucose   ● Marked hypoglycaemia often results from overdosage  with antidiabetic drugs.    ● Hypoglycaemia may als...

                                                                    بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم                                                                   IDENTIFICATION OF FUNGI Specimen collection Specimens for fungal microscopy and culture may be:  Scrapings of scale, after cleaning with alcohol.  Skin stripped off with adhesive tape, which is then stuck on a glass slide.  Hair which has been pulled out from the roots.  Brushings from an area of scaly scalp.  Specimens for fungal microscopy and culture may be:  Nail clippings.  Skin biopsy.  Moist swab from a mucosal surfac...